SSRF
Server-side request forgery is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to cause the server-side application to make requests to an unintended location.
Last updated
Server-side request forgery is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to cause the server-side application to make requests to an unintended location.
Last updated
List of localhost addresses for SSRF bypass: http://localhost http://127.1 http://127.0.0.0 http://127.0.0.1 http://2130706433 http://0177.1 http://0x7f.1 http://127.000.000.1 http://localtest .me http://[::1] http://[::]
Server-side request forgery is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to cause the server-side application to make requests to an unintended location.
In a typical SSRF attack, the attacker might cause the server to make a connection to internal-only services within the organization's infrastructure. In other cases, they may be able to force the server to connect to arbitrary external systems. This could leak sensitive data, such as authorization credentials.
A successful SSRF attack can often result in unauthorized actions or access to data within the organization. This can be in the vulnerable application, or on other back-end systems that the application can communicate with. In some situations, the SSRF vulnerability might allow an attacker to perform arbitrary command execution.
An SSRF exploit that causes connections to external third-party systems might result in malicious onward attacks. these can appear to originate from the organization hosting the vulnerable application.
SSRF attacks often exploit trust relationships to escalate an attack from the vulnerable application and perform unauthorized actions. These trust relationships might exist in relation to the server, or in relation to other back-end systems within the same organization.
In an SSRF attack against the server, the attacker causes the application to make an HTTP request back to the server that is hosting the application, via its loopback network interface. This typically involves supplying a URL with a hostname like 127.0.0.1 (a reserved IP address that points to the loopback adapter) or localhost (a commonly used name for the same adapter).
For example, imagine a shopping application that lets the user view whether an item is in stock in a particular store. To provide the stock information, the application must query various back-end REST APIs. It does this by passing the URL to the relevant back-end API endpoint via a front-end HTTP request. When a user views the stock status for an item, their browser makes the following request:
This causes the server to make a request to the specified URL, retrieve the stock status, and return this to the user.
In this example, an attacker can modify the request to specify a URL local to the server:
The server fetches the contents of the /admin URL and returns it to the user.
Lab: Basic SSRF against the local server
Why do applications behave in this way, and implicitly trust requests that come from the local machine? This can arise for various reasons:
For disaster recovery purposes, the application might allow administrative access without logging in, to any user coming from the local machine. This provides a way for an administrator to recover the system if they lose their credentials. This assumes that only a fully trusted user would come directly from the server.
The administrative interface might listen on a different port number to the main application, and might not be reachable directly by users.
These kind of trust relationships, where requests originating from the local machine are handled differently than ordinary requests, often make SSRF into a critical vulnerability.
In some cases, the application server is able to interact with back-end systems that are not directly reachable by users. These systems often have non-routable private IP addresses. The back-end systems are normally protected by the network topology, so they often have a weaker security posture. In many cases, internal back-end systems contain sensitive functionality that can be accessed without authentication by anyone who is able to interact with the systems.
In the previous example, imagine there is an administrative interface at the back-end URL https://192.168.0.68/admin. An attacker can submit the following request to exploit the SSRF vulnerability, and access the administrative interface:
It is common to see applications containing SSRF behavior together with defenses aimed at preventing malicious exploitation. Often, these defenses can be circumvented.
Some applications block input containing hostnames like 127.0.0.1 and localhost, or sensitive URLs like /admin. In this situation, you can often circumvent the filter using the following techniques:
Use an alternative IP representation of 127.0.0.1, such as 2130706433, 017700000001, or 127.1.
Register your own domain name that resolves to 127.0.0.1. You can use spoofed.burpcollaborator.net for this purpose.
Obfuscate blocked strings using URL encoding or case variation.
Provide a URL that you control, which redirects to the target URL. Try using different redirect codes, as well as different protocols for the target URL. For example, switching from an http: to https: URL during the redirect has been shown to bypass some anti-SSRF filters.
Some applications only allow inputs that match, a whitelist of permitted values. The filter may look for a match at the beginning of the input, or contained within in it. You may be able to bypass this filter by exploiting inconsistencies in URL parsing.
The URL specification contains a number of features that are likely to be overlooked when URLs implement ad-hoc parsing and validation using this method:
You can embed credentials in a URL before the hostname, using the @ character. For example:
You can use the # character to indicate a URL fragment. For example:
You can leverage the DNS naming hierarchy to place required input into a fully-qualified DNS name that you control. For example:
You can use combinations of these techniques together.
Read more
It is sometimes possible to bypass filter-based defenses by exploiting an open redirection vulnerability.
In the previous example, imagine the user-submitted URL is strictly validated to prevent malicious exploitation of the SSRF behavior. However, the application whose URLs are allowed contains an open redirection vulnerability. Provided the API used to make the back-end HTTP request supports redirections, you can construct a URL that satisfies the filter and results in a redirected request to the desired back-end target.
For example, the application contains an open redirection vulnerability in which the following URL:
returns a redirection to:
You can leverage the open redirection vulnerability to bypass the URL filter, and exploit the SSRF vulnerability as follows:
This SSRF exploit works because the application first validates that the supplied stockAPI URL is on an allowed domain, which it is. The application then requests the supplied URL, which triggers the open redirection. It follows the redirection, and makes a request to the internal URL of the attacker's choosing.
Blind SSRF vulnerabilities occur if you can cause an application to issue a back-end HTTP request to a supplied URL, but the response from the back-end request is not returned in the application's front-end response.
Blind SSRF is harder to exploit but sometimes leads to full remote code execution on the server or other back-end components.
Read more
Many server-side request forgery vulnerabilities are easy to find, because the application's normal traffic involves request parameters containing full URLs. Other examples of SSRF are harder to locate.
Sometimes, an application places only a hostname or part of a URL path into request parameters. The value submitted is then incorporated server-side into a full URL that is requested. If the value is readily recognized as a hostname or URL path, the potential attack surface might be obvious. However, exploitability as full SSRF might be limited because you do not control the entire URL that gets requested.
Read more
Blind SSRF vulnerabilities arise when an application can be induced to issue a back-end HTTP request to a supplied URL, but the response from the back-end request is not returned in the application's front-end response.
The impact of blind SSRF vulnerabilities is often lower than fully informed SSRF vulnerabilities because of their one-way nature. They cannot be trivially exploited to retrieve sensitive data from back-end systems, although in some situations they can be exploited to achieve full remote code execution.
Note
It is common when testing for SSRF vulnerabilities to observe a DNS look-up for the supplied Collaborator domain, but no subsequent HTTP request. This typically happens because the application attempted to make an HTTP request to the domain, which caused the initial DNS lookup, but the actual HTTP request was blocked by network-level filtering. It is relatively common for infrastructure to allow outbound DNS traffic, since this is needed for so many purposes, but block HTTP connections to unexpected destinations.
Lab: Blind SSRF with Shellshock exploitation
Another avenue for exploiting blind SSRF vulnerabilities is to induce the application to connect to a system under the attacker's control, and return malicious responses to the HTTP client that makes the connection. If you can exploit a serious client-side vulnerability in the server's HTTP implementation, you might be able to achieve remote code execution within the application infrastructure.
Read more
An attacker can visit the /admin URL, but the administrative functionality is normally only accessible to authenticated users. This means an attacker won't see anything of interest. However, if the request to the /admin URL comes from the local machine, the normal are bypassed. The application grants full access to the administrative functionality, because the request appears to originate from a trusted location.
The check might be implemented in a different component that sits in front of the application server. When a connection is made back to the server, the check is bypassed.
Lab: Basic against another back-end system
Lab: with blacklist-based input filter
You can URL-encode characters to confuse the URL-parsing code. This is particularly useful if the code that implements the filter handles URL-encoded characters differently than the code that performs the back-end HTTP request. You can also try characters; some servers recursively URL-decode the input they receive, which can lead to further discrepancies.
Lab: with whitelist-based input filter
Lab: with filter bypass via open redirection vulnerability
Some applications transmit data in formats with a specification that allows the inclusion of URLs that might get requested by the data parser for the format. An obvious example of this is the XML data format, which has been widely used in web applications to transmit structured data from the client to the server. When an application accepts data in XML format and parses it, it might be vulnerable to . It might also be vulnerable to SSRF via XXE. We'll cover this in more detail when we look at vulnerabilities.
Some applications use server-side analytics software to tracks visitors. This software often logs the Referer header in requests, so it can track incoming links. Often the analytics software visits any third-party URLs that appear in the Referer header. This is typically done to analyze the contents of referring sites, including the anchor text that is used in the incoming links. As a result, the Referer header is often a useful attack surface for SSRF vulnerabilities. See for examples of vulnerabilities involving the Referer header.
The most reliable way to detect blind SSRF vulnerabilities is using out-of-band () techniques. This involves attempting to trigger an HTTP request to an external system that you control, and monitoring for network interactions with that system.
The easiest and most effective way to use out-of-band techniques is using . You can use to generate unique domain names, send these in payloads to the application, and monitor for any interaction with those domains. If an incoming HTTP request is observed coming from the application, then it is vulnerable to SSRF.
Lab: with out-of-band detection
Simply identifying a blind that can trigger out-of-band HTTP requests doesn't in itself provide a route to exploitability. Since you cannot view the response from the back-end request, the behavior can't be used to explore content on systems that the application server can reach. However, it can still be leveraged to probe for other vulnerabilities on the server itself or on other back-end systems. You can blindly sweep the internal IP address space, sending payloads designed to detect well-known vulnerabilities. If those payloads also employ blind out-of-band techniques, then you might uncover a critical vulnerability on an unpatched internal server.
